Phylogeny and biogeography of Asthenopodinae with a revision of Asthenopus, reinstatement of Asthenopodes, and the description of the new genera Hubbardipes and Priasthenopus (Ephemeroptera, Polymitarcyidae)

The Neotropical species of Asthenopodinae are revised in a formal phylogenetic context. The five known species of Asthenopus Eaton, 1871, together with other five new species were included in a cladistic analysis using morphological characters (continuous and discretes). Representatives of the Afro-Oriental group of the subfamily (Povilla Navás, 1912 and Languidipes Hubbard, 1984) were also included to test the monophyletic hypothesis traditionally accepted for the group. Additional taxa representing the other subfamilies of Polymitarcyidae were incorparated: Ephoron Williamson, 1802 (Polymitarcyinae) and Campsurus Eaton, 1868, Tortopus Needham & Murphy, 1924 and Tortopsis Molineri, 2010 (Campsurinae). A matrix of 17 taxa and 72 characters was analyzed under parsimony resulting in a single tree supporting the monophyly of the subfamily Asthenopodinae. Other results include the monophyly of the Afro-Oriental taxa (Povilla and Languidipes), the paraphyletic nature of Neotropical Asthenopodinae, and the recognition of four South American genera: Asthenopus (including A. curtus (Hagen), 1861, A. angelae de Souza & Molineri, 2012, A. magnus sp. n., A. hubbardi sp. n., A. guarani sp. n.), Asthenopodes Ulmer, 1924, stat. n. (including A. picteti Hubbard, 1975, stat. n., A. traverae sp. n., A. chumuco sp. n.), Priasthenopus gen. n. (including P. gilliesi (Domínguez), 1988, comb. n.), and Hubbardipes gen. n. (including H. crenulatus (Molineri et al.), 2011, comb. n.). Descriptions, diagnoses, illustrations and keys are presented for all Neotropical taxa of Asthenopodinae (adults of both sexes, eggs and nymphs). Additionally a key to the subfamilies and genera of Polymitarcyidae is included. A quantitative biogeographic analysis of vicariance is presented and discussed through the study of the “taxon history” of the group.Se revisan las especies neotropicales de Asthenopodinae en un contexto filogenético. Las cinco especies de Asthenopus Eaton, 1871, junto con otras cinco nuevas especies, son analizadas cladísticamente a partir de caracteres morfológicos externos (continuos y discretos). También se incluyen representantes del grupo Afro-Oriental de la subfamilia (Povilla Navás, 1912 y Languidipes Hubbard, 1984) para comprobar la hipótesis de monofilia tradicionalmente aceptada para el grupo. Se incorporaron taxones adicionales representando las otras subfamilias de Polymitarcyidae: Ephoron Williamson, 1802 (Polymitarcyinae) y Campsurus Eaton, 1868, Tortopus Needham & Murphy, 1924 y Tortopsis Molineri, 2010 (Campsurinae). Se analizó bajo parsimonia una matriz de 17 taxa y 72 caracteres resultando un sólo árbol que apoya la monofilia de Asthenopodinae. Otros resultados incluyen la monofilia del grupo Afro-Oriental (Povilla y Languidipes), la naturaleza parafilética de los Asthenopodinae neotropicales, y el reconocimiento de cuatro géneros sudamericanos: Asthenopus (incluyendo a A. curtus (Hagen), 1861, A. angelae de Souza & Molineri, 2012, A. magnus sp. n., A. hubbardi sp. n., A. guarani sp. n.), Asthenopodes Ulmer, 1924, stat. n. (A. picteti Hubbard, 1975, stat. n., A. traverae sp. n., A. chumuco sp. n.), Priasthenopus gen. n. (P. gilliesi (Domínguez), 1988, comb. n.), y Hubbardipes gen. n. (H. crenulatus (Molineri et al.), 2011, comb. n.). Se presentan descripciones, diagnosis, ilustraciones y claves para todos los taxones neotropicales de Asthenopodinae (adultos de ambos sexos, huevos y ninfas). Adicionalmente se incluye una clave para subfamilias y géneros de Polymitarcyidae. Se presenta un análisis biogeográfico cuantitativo de vicarianza y se discute la historia particular del grupo.Fil: Molineri, Carlos. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Tucuman. Instituto de Biodiversidad Neotropical; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; ArgentinaFil: Salles, Frederico. Universidade Federal Do Espirito Santo; BrasilFil: Peters, Janice G.. Florida Agricultural and Mechanical University; Argentin

Una agenda internacional imBRICada: los nuevos caminos y desafíos de la política externa brasileña en el siglo XXI (Tema Central)

Este ensayo, de carácter analítico-descriptivo, pretende transitar entre las grandes líneas de la política exterior brasileña a lo largo de la primera década del siglo XXI, más específicamente durante los dos mandatos de Luiz Inácio Lula Da Silva (2003-2006 y 2007-2010), a fin de identificar en qué medida la agenda internacional brasileña fue afectada desde su categorización como potencia emergente bajo el acrónimo de BRIC (Brasil, Rusia, India y China) en el año 2003. El análisis parte de la premisa de que la política exterior brasileña, a lo largo de la primera década del siglo XXI, está más que nunca, imBRICada. Más allá de un simple juego de palabras, im“BRIC”ar significa dejar en evidencia la forma compleja en la que interactúan las diversas prioridades de la agenda internacional de un país emergente como Brasil, a veces convergiendo, a veces discrepando.The essay claims that Brazilian foreign policy, during the first decade of the 21st century, is more than ever, im“BRIC”ated. That is, Brazil’s foreign policy is immersed in a set of complex interactions with its new role as an emergent economic and political power. This complexity is made clear throughout the analysis of three major priorities of the Brazilian international agenda: the quest for a permanent seat at the United Nations Security Council, the leadership of South- South alliances and coalitions, and the priority of South-American integration. The authors argue that Brazil’s foreign policy decision-makers should be aware of the new complexities, and the challenges that they put forward for Brazil’s international actions, in particular for a Brazilian version of multilateralism

Relationships and events: towards a general theory of reification and truthmaking.

We propose a novel ontological analysis of relations and relationships based on a re-visitation of a classic problem in the practice of knowledge repre- sentation and conceptual modeling, namely relationship reification. Our idea is that a relation holds in virtue of a relationship's existence. Relationships are therefore truthmakers of relations. In this paper we present a general theory or reification and truthmaking, and discuss the interplay between events and rela- tionships, suggesting that relationships are the focus of events, which emerge from the context (the scene) they occur in

Entropic Entanglement Criteria for Continuous Variables

We derive several entanglement criteria for bipartite continuous variable quantum systems based on the Shannon entropy. These criteria are more sensitive than those involving only second-order moments, and are equivalent to well-known variance product tests in the case of Gaussian states. Furthermore, they involve only a pair of quadrature measurements, and will thus should prove extremely useful the experimental identification of entanglement.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure

(In)Consistencies in responses to sodium bicarbonate supplementation: a randomised, repeated measures, counterbalanced and double-blind study

Objectives: Intervention studies do not account for high within-individual variation potentially compromising the magnitude of an effect. Repeat administration of a treatment allows quantification of individual responses and determination of the consistency of responses. We determined the consistency of metabolic and exercise responses following repeated administration of sodium bicarbonate (SB). Design and Methods: 15 physically active males (age 25 ± 4 y; body mass 76.0 ± 7.3 kg; height 1.77 ± 0.05 m) completed six cycling capacity tests at 110% of maximum power output (CCT 110% ) following ingestion of either 0.3 g.kg -1 BM of SB (4 trials) or placebo (PL, 2 trials). Blood pH, bicarbonate, base excess and lactate were determined at baseline, pre-exercise, post-exercise and 5-min post-exercise. Total work done (TWD) was recorded as the exercise outcome. Results: SB supplementation increased blood pH, bicarbonate and base excess prior to every trial (all p ≤0.001); absolute changes in pH, bicarbonate and base excess from baseline to pre-exercise were similar in all SB trials (all p > 0.05). Blood lactate was elevated following exercise in all trials (p ≤ 0.001), and was higher in some, but not all, SB trials compared to PL. TWD was not significantly improved with SB vs. PL in any trial (SB1: +3.6%; SB2 +0.3%; SB3: +2.1%; SB4: +6.7%; all p > 0.05), although magnitude-based inferences suggested a 93% likely improvement in SB4. Individual analysis showed ten participants improved in at least one SB trial above the normal variation of the test although five improved in none. Conclusions: The mechanism for improved exercise with SB was consistently in place prior to exercise, although this only resulted in a likely improvement in one trial. SB does not consistently improve high intensity cycling capacity, with results suggesting that caution should be taken when interpreting the results from single trials as to the efficacy of SB supplementation. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT0247462

Composition of Primary Cosmic Rays Beyond the ``Knee''from Emulsion Chamber Observations

We show that the simplest assumptions for the dynamics of particle production allow us to understand the fluxes of hadrons and photons at mountain altitudes as well as the structure of individual events. The analysis requires a heavy nuclear component of primary cosmic rays above the ``knee" in the spectrum with average mass number $= 7.3 \pm 0.9$.Comment: Revtex, 11 pages, 5 postscript figures ("\special" command used to embed figures at end of tex file). Compressed postscript version also available at http://phenom.physics.wisc.edu/pub/preprints/1996/madph-96-932.ps.Z or ftp://phenom.physics.wisc.edu/pub/preprints/1996/madph-96-932.ps.

New Treatment Options in Advanced Stage Follicular Lymphoma

Follicular lymphoma is one of the most common non-Hodgkin's lymphomas with an expected survival of more than 20 years for the majority of patients. This impressive outcome has been achieved with the introduction of immunochemotherapy, as first line treatment with remissions lasting over 8 years, followed by other treatment options at first or subsequent relapse. However, certain groups of patients still have a poor prognosis. In recent years the efficacy of chemotherapy regimens has been augmented by new compounds selectively targeting the cell surface, intracellular pathways, and/or the microenvironment. Some of these are beginning to change the therapeutic landscape. This review summarizes prognostic factors in follicular lymphoma in order to identify patients with greatest medical need for these new treatment options and reviews recent data from prospective clinical studies testing new agents in first-line and relapsed follicular lymphoma. Finally, we assess the current role of immunochemotherapy and discuss the requirements for future clinical trials